Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay - 2424 Words

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Education To begin with, there are three basic components to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. The three main components are schemas, adaptation processes, and stages of development (McLeod, 2009, p. 1). Piaget’s theory made an huge impact on the education system. Piaget started studying cognitive development after he became intrigued with the reasons of why children gave wrong answers to questions that required logical thinking (McLeod, 2009, p. 1). Piaget was also the first psychologist to make a planned study of cognitive development (McLeod, 2009, p. 1). Piaget changed the way people thought about children thinkers. This lead to major changes into schools. This also caused teachers to reevaluate the way that they taught. Piaget’s contribution to society should be greatly appreciated by people in the educational system. Without Piaget’s theory, we may not have been able to make greater feats in the education system. First of all, schemas describe the way a person thinks. Schemas are used in everyday life even though we might not know about it. Piaget describes schema as the building blocks of intelligent behavior (McLeod, 2009, p. 1). These building blocks or schemas can be used by teachers to help boost children intelligent if done correctly. Schemas can be described as mental representation of the world in which people apply their understanding onto a matter or situation. An example of a schema is that all animals withShow MoreRelatedPiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1289 Words   |  6 Pagesare many great cognitive theorists, but the one that comes to mind is a development psychologist by the name of Jean Piaget. One of his prized declaration was in 1934, where he declared that education is capable of saving our society from collapsing whether its violent or gradual. Piaget had a key effect on education and psychology, and because of that effect he made many contributions to learning and to cognition. One of most important contribution was a model that was made by Piaget. This modelRead MorePiaget s Cognitive Development Theory1077 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Piaget (1957), cognitive development was a continuous restructuring of mental processes due to varied situations and experiencing the world and maturing biologically. His view of cognitive development would have us look inside a child’s head and glimpse the inborn process of change that thinking goes through. â€Å"He was mainly interested in the biological influences on â€Å"how we come to know’† (Huitt and Hummel, 2003). Piaget’s views helps us to have appropriate expectations about children’sRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1813 Words   |  8 Pages ECH-130 Sociocultural Tables LLlllll Cognitive Development Definition Examples of Application of Concept Strategies to Support and/or Assess Learning Birth to Age 5/Pre-K Piaget Sensorimotor stage: :the first stage Piaget uses to define cognitive development. During this period, infants are busy discovering relationships between their bodies and the environment. Researchers have discovered that infants have relatively well developed sensory abilities An infant who recently learned how to rollRead MorePiaget s Cognitive Theory And Cognitive Development1494 Words   |  6 Pages 1) Examine how Piaget’s cognitive theory can help to explain the child’s behavior. Piaget confirms â€Å"Each cognitive stage represents a fundamentally new psychological reorganization resulting from maturation of new functions and abilities† (as in Greene, 2009, p.144). The case Vignette describes Victors’ stages of development through Piaget’s stages of cognitive development as exhibited behavior that occurred during the sensorimotor, preoperational, as established areas. Victor experienced a normalRead MorePiaget s Theory On Cognitive Development1449 Words   |  6 Pagesstrengths and weaknesses of Piaget’s theory on cognitive development. It will focus on Piaget’s work highlighting positive attributes and how they’re being applied in modern day and also delve on key limitations of the theory. Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who was interested on why children would give similar but wrong answers in an intelligence test (Vidal, 1994). Based on his observations, he concluded that children undergo sequential cognitive d evelopment patterns which occur in defined stagesRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development969 Words   |  4 Pages20th century, the development of psychology is constantly expanding. Erikson and Piaget are two of the ealier well known theorist, both being significant in the field. Their belief s are outlined in Piaget s Cognitive Development Theory and Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory. These theories, both similar and different, have a certain significance as the stages are outlined.Erikson and Piaget were similar in their careers and made huge progressions in child development and education. WithRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1519 Words   |  7 Pagesrelates to both Piaget and Vygotskian theories in the sense that they describe how the child s mind develops through different forms of stimuli that occur during early childhood. Piaget s theory focuses mainly on things such as; how children think; how the world around them is perceived and how th e newly found information is explained through the language they use. Vygotsky s theory however differs as the effects of different forms of social interaction occur in cognitive development such as; internalisation;Read MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1111 Words   |  5 PagesPiaget’s theory of cognitive development Piaget’s theory of cognitive development was based around his belief that children will develop their intelligence through a series of stages: Sensorimotor (birth – 2yrs), Preoperational (2-7yrs), Concrete Operational (7-11yrs) and Formal Operational (11+). He believed these stages to be invariant, the same stages taking place in a fixed order, and universal, the same for every child regardless of their background or culture. (McLeod, 2015) Piaget believedRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay1790 Words   |  8 PagesCognitive developmental theories provide a framework for understanding about how children act and perceive the world. However, every theory has both strengths and weaknesses. A certain theory may explain one aspect of cognitive development very well, but poorly address or completely ignore other aspects that are just as important. Two well known theories of cognitive development are Piaget’s stage theory and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory. As I plan to be a pediatric nurse, these two theories willRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1325 Words   |  6 PagesJean Piaget developed a systematic study of cognitive development. He conducted a theory that all children are born with a basic mental structure. He felt that their mental structure is genetically inherited and their learning evolved from subsequent learning and knowledge. Piaget’s theory is differ ent from other theories and he was the first to study a child’s learning by using a systematic study of cognitive development. His theory was only concerning the learning of children, their development

Play Analysis Oedipus the King - 1353 Words

Oedipus the King is one of the most representative plays of ancient Greek theater and has contributed greatly to the development of the theatrical concept and influenced the writing techniques to this day. Sophocles made use of a story that was well known for the Greek audience in the 4th century BC. The subject is rather complex for the time and focuses on the tragedy of a man from Thebes, a Greek city, who becomes king after a series of events that lead to the salvation of the city from the curse of Sphinx. The tragedy however unfolds once Oedipus finds out that it was he who had murdered the previous king who was his father and in fact marrying the queen meant marrying his own mother. As a result he inflicts injuries to himself and leaves the city in shame and despair. The elements used by Sophocles in the play to develop the subject and his characters underline that fate is inevitable. Sophocles in his depiction of the story makes use of several techniques and means of expression s that provide the audience with the sense of drama and despair being felt by the main characters of the play. Ancient Greece was always considered the cradle of the theatrical creation particularly because of the writing techniques that were developed by playwrights such as Sophocles, Euripides, or Seneca. However, in the case of Oedipus Rex, the plot together with the techniques of foreshadowing, tragic flaw, or irony, regardless of their type, provide consistency and strength to the subjectShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Play Oedipus The King 963 Words   |  4 Pagesoptions, Knowledge enables bigger and better weapons. A sense of higher status. Very often will you find knowledge allows one to recognize opportunity. One character in the play Oedipus the King, Tiresias carries a great sense of knowledge. That he knows how to stay humble with. Which does not lead to his downfall unlike Oedipus the King.†¨ Knowledge means one has the resources to obtain and be flexible with useful and informative information in order to become well informed citizens who can make intelligentRead MoreAnalysis Of Oedipus The King 1127 Words   |  5 Pages For A Life Of Regrets Oedipus the King is a play written by Sophocles. Oedipus is the main figure and legend of Sophocles play. After Oedipus birth into the world, his father King Laius of Thebes heard from a prophet that his own child was destined to kill him. Sophocles play begins from past to present and starts to unravel the journeys Oedipus goes through. Oedipus isn t an evil character as one would think while reading the story. He neverRead MoreOedipus the King by Sophocles1393 Words   |  6 Pages Sophocles’ play, Oedipus the King, has risen many questions concerning the main character and whether or not he acts on free will or if his future is predestined by the gods. I am going to test the theory that although Oedipus believes he is acting on his own free will, he is in fact a victim of the gods. I will analyze several different sources that discuss fate and human agency in Oedipus the King and then proceed to build my original argument on the archaic debate. There has been a great dealRead MoreHamlet vs. Oedipus Essay898 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Analysis of Prince Hamlet in Hamlet by William Shakespeare and Oedipus in Oedipus King by Sophocles In Aristotles literary discourse, Poetics, he discusses his theory of tragedy, wherein he introduces the concepts of tragic flaw or hamartia, which serves as the catalyst for the protagonists downfall or the tragedy of the story to happen. He determines a tragedy as a drama that brings about a sorrowful conclusion, arousing fear and pity in the audience (Roberts and JacobsRead MoreSexism In Oedipus The King1395 Words   |  6 Pagestragedy, Oedipus the King, is not sexist. The prominent play portrays both men and women justly. The events presented by Sophocles exemplifies a level of admiration and respect for women that was not ordinary in ancient Greece. This is predominantly achieved through the dialogue of Jocasta and Oedipus, illustrating a corresponding relationship. In addition, the behavior of Jocasta, analysis of other literature, as well as the bad fortune of the male characters reaffirm that the Oedipus the King is notRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Oedipus The King1025 Wo rds   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis: Oedipus the King Oedipus the King is a tragic play showing a shift from the belief of fate to freedom of choice. Therefore, Oedipus the king is a great example of those who run from fate ends up fulfilling their fate After reading this type of tragic play â€Å"Oedipus the King† written by Sophocles you can see that the author did a very outstanding form of presenting a tragedy that has the characteristics of mimesis and a tragic hero. Specifically, the writer written the play thatRead MoreOedipus Essay734 Words   |  3 PagesThis analysis of Oedipus’s character shows how Oedipus, the protagonist and the antagonist against himself, dealt with unfortunate situations which sealed his fate. Oedipus was a strange round character that was really interesting and mysterious. Oedipus’s life was a good example of a true Greek tragedy; he worked himself up to be a great king and ultimately in the end he died with only his perception on life. Oedipus was once a man of power who falls impoverished. He goes from having much respectRead MoreOedipus The King As A Tragic Hero Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatest dramas of all time, Sophocles’ play Oedipus the King follows the t ragic life of Oedipus, king of Thebes. Considered a Satyr play, the Oedipus trilogy is perhaps the most famous of Sophocles’ plays. Oedipus the King, is an Athenian tragedy that was first performed somewhere around 429 BC in Athens, Greece. Originally, the Greeks referred to the play as simply â€Å"Oedipus,† as that was what Aristotle referred to it as in the Poetics. Perhaps what makes this play so memorable, is Sophocles’ uses ofRead MoreReligion In Oedipus The King1012 Words   |  5 PagesIn Oedipus, the King, the main character, Oedipus, starts the play in the highest prestige, he is the King of Thebes and is held in high regard to almost all citizens for his prosperous reign. By the end of the play, Oedipus is vilified by his citizens and almost all the people of Thebes. I argue that Oedipus’ downfall is directly linked to his rejection of religious guidance and omens; namely, the Gods and the oracle. One could argue that no divine entity openly a cts out toward Oedipus, howeverRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Oedipus The King1419 Words   |  6 Pages26 September, 2017 Ignorance Can Lead to Great Agony Plays were of great importance in early Greek culture. Plays were the main source of entertainment, and one of the most prominent examples is Oedipus the King written by Sophocles. The drama is uplifted by the character development and excellent structure Sophocles has put forward. Interactions between characters and each character’s motivations generate brilliant themes throughout the play. Sophocles uses a technique called recognition, which

Cuba Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Cuba Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; Kennedy # 8217 ; s Fixation with Cuba # 8221 ; Thomas G. Paterson Thomas G. Paterson # 8217 ; s try, # 8220 ; Kennedy # 8217 ; s Fixation with Cuba, # 8221 ; is an essay chiefly based on the contention and times of President Kennedy # 8217 ; s foreign dealingss with Cuba. Throughout President Kennedy # 8217 ; s short term, he devoted the bulk of his clip to the foreign dealingss between Cuba and the Soviet Union. After the battle of WW II, John F. Kennedy tried to maintain a tight strong clasp over Cuba as to non allow Cuba turn to the Communist Soviet Union. Kennedy seen Cuba and the Soviet Union as a major menace to the United States. As Castro fell farther and farther into the Communist party, he inched his manner closer and closer to going a close ally with the Soviet # 8217 ; s, As Kennedy seen this happen before his eyes, he was astonished. Kennedy, a freshly formed president, did non desire to look like the sort to merely sit back and axial rotation with the clouts, he wanted immediate action taken for these steps. # 8220 ; As person said, Cuba was one of the four-letter words of the 1960s # 8221 ; ( 268 ) . Cuba was non viewed as a really possible power before Fidel Castro took office. It was viewed more as a impersonal state that we sent aide and military supplies to in exchange for sugar and other merchandises. When Castro took office, things drastically changed. He started taking back land that we had set aside for military bases, he wanted the American forces no more than what they had in Washington, and he openly defied orders from America. Unknown to Kennedy Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union, was besides watching everything that played out between Cuba and the United States. President Kennedy, subsequently recognizing, would do a few determinations for the worst. These determinations would stalk him for the remainder of his short lived term. Throughout the class of President Kennedy # 8217 ; s term the few bad errors that he made would come back to stalk him. One such even that put a black grade on Kennedy # 8217 ; s record was the whole Cuba rebellion. At one point and clip, as Kennedy was a senator, supported the Cuban rebellion along with many other American # 8217 ; s. They thought the rebellion was a solid betterment over the oppressive regulation of Batista. No where in this line of sight did anybody see the new authorities going Communist. As Castro took over Cuba, he became progressively extremist in his positions and actions. When these actions came approximately, cipher of all time suspected that the U.S. might be the 1s that forced or led Castro to go the extremist leader. The President rejected the thought that intense United States ill will to the Cuban Revolution may hold contributed to Castro # 8217 ; s fastening political clasp and flirting with the Soviet Union. Nor did Kennedy and other American # 8217 ; s with to admit the mensurable benefits of the revolution? betterments in instruction, medical, attention, and lodging and the riddance of the island # 8217 ; s ill-famed corruptness that one time had been the American mafia # 8217 ; s domain. Alternatively, Kennedy functionaries concluded that Cuba # 8217 ; s was a? betrayed revolution # 8217 ; ( Paterson 269 ) . As the revolution unfolded twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, it seemed as if we were non so much worried about Cuba itself, but the fact that everything has a tie in with the Cold War. The Soviets were seeking to spread out their skylines across the Earth and Cuba was another chance for the Soviet # 8217 ; s to step in and offer adjutant, military, and support in return for Cuba # 8217 ; s Communism. # 8220 ; Cuba came to stand for the Cold War in the united States # 8217 ; backyard # 8221 ; ( Paterson 270 ) . Some people felt that Kennedy was non all responsible for the problem with Cuba. A batch of people believed that the bulk of the job from Cuba started with President Eisenhower. Kennedy # 8217 ; s foreign policy problems have sometimes been explained as heritages from Eisenhower that shackled the new president with jobs non of his ain devising. To be certain, Kennedy inherited the Cuban job from Eisenhower ( Paterson 272 ) . Another event that was a enormous recoil for the Kennedy disposal was the Bay of Pigs. The Bay of Pigs was a covert operation that was organized by the CIA to subvert Castro. From the really beginning, the Bay of Pigs was taking to be a catastrophe. The U.S. even tried to lie to the populace to maintain the consciousness of the U.S. bombardment of Cuba down. The U.S. staged a pilot to wing a B-26 into Miami to state that he had escaped Cuba and bombed the landing fields, in which we did ourselves. We organized this # 8220 ; cover-up # 8221 ; so that it did non look as if America was tampering. The first existent onslaught from the Bay of Pigs came on April 17, 1961. Kennedy sent in a group of Cuban refugees that had been forte trained to contend. Thesiss refugees were sent back to Cuba to hopefully stir an tumult in the other belowground refugees that were still in Cuba. As they neared the beaches of Bahia de Cochinos, the Cuban reserves was really present. Some of the rangers neer even made it to the beach because of the coral that was in the H2O. The coral shredded legion boats before they could even acquire to the shore line. The little ground forces non merely hit down planes but they besides sank ships critical to the patterned advance of the invasion. These ships carried communicating equipment, ammo, and supplies for the military personnels. After this incident was said and done Castro boasted that he was winning and the American # 8217 ; s did non look so good. # 8220 ; With Castro # 8217 ; s touting the mercenarios had been foiled, the concluding toll was inexorable: 114 of the expatriate brig ade dead and 1,189 captured. A chill settled over the White House† ( Paterson 272 ) . It was really difficult for the incrimination to be put on one individual for the Bay of Pigs Failure. The incrimination was shifted from individual to individual and so eventually came to rest on the CIA when they took full duty for it. # 8220 ; Failures in intelligence, operations, decision-making, and opinion doomed the Bay of Pigs set abouting # 8221 ; ( Paterson 274 ) . After the Bay of Pigs passing, other covert operations were put into consequence. Such operations included blackwash efforts on Castro by the CIA. # 8220 ; The CIA devised new secret plans to kill Castro. Poisonous cigars, pills, and acerate leafs were directed Castro # 8217 ; s manner, but to no help # 8221 ; ( Paterson 276 ) . Kennedy had made an premise that there could be no covering with Castro. He believed that there was no room for Cuba to be a neighbour, or at least when ruled by Castro, to the United States. Other such secret plans against Cuba included corrupting other states to undermine the goods that were be manufactured for Cuba. Through this whole clip, the U.S. did non recognize the extent that they were doing Cuba to make. By undermining the goods and corrupting other states, there was still one state still on their side, the Soviet Union. Cuba retaliated by trusting more to a great extent on the Soviet # 8217 ; s to provide them with their indispensable demands. Another such crisis that erupted with great fright was the Missile Crisis. The Cuban Missile Crisis was the most feared menace that had happened against the U.S. under Kennedy. The missile crisis began on October 14, 1961 when a U-2 undercover agent plane took undercover agent exposure over Cuba and noticed the building of missile silos. Now this grounds was the first # 8220 ; difficult # 8221 ; proof that they had. There had been rumours of the missile sites being constructed but no grounds to back up the theory. The whole beginning of the crisis can be based back on the tenseness between the Soviet # 8217 ; s, America, and Cuba. The Soviet # 8217 ; s gave the Cuban # 8217 ; s missile to endorse them incase that we did occupy Cuba. # 8220 ; The beginnings of the missile crisis, in other words, derived mostly from United States? Cuban tensions # 8221 ; ( Paterson 278 ) . In a manner the whole ordeal was a dual criterion. We had merely turned over control of the Jupiter Missile s to Turkey that twelvemonth. The Soviet # 8217 ; s besides felt threatened by the missiles being in Turkey, but we would non digest any missile near us what so of all time. Then the joging treatment turned to Khrushchev # 8217 ; s motive. The Russian leader had been cautious on Berlin, Kennedy said. ? It # 8217 ; s merely as if we all of a sudden began to set a major figure or MRBMs in Turkey, # 8217 ; the President went on. ? Now that # 8217 ; d be goddamn dangerous. # 8221 ; Bundy jumped in: ? Well, we did, Mr. President. # 8217 ; Not wishing the sound of a dual criterion, Kennedy lamely answered, ? Yeah, but that was five old ages ago. # 8217 ; Actually the American Jupiter missiles in Turkey, under a 1959 understanding with Ankara, were put into launch place in mid-1961? during the Kennedy Administration? and non turned over to the Turkish forces until October 22, 1962, the really twenty-four hours Kennedy informed Moscow that it must retreat its SS-4 or medium-range missiles from Cuba. ( Paterson 279 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis struck fright into the bosom of many U.S. functionaries. The President came up with an thought to halt the farther building of the missiles. He decided to implement a naval encirclement. The naval encirclement stopped all ships coming into Cuba for review of the necessary stuffs required to complete the missile sights. The U.S. had anticipated a possible revenge of the ships, but to our surprise, the ships merely turned about and headed back to the Soviet Union. Later, the Soviet # 8217 ; s sent a Soviet embassy officer to the U.S. to discourse dialogues of the remotion of the missile silos. The basic construction for remotion of the missile included that they would take all missiles, if and merely if, we promised non to occupy Cuba. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the Soviet Union would retreat the missile if the United States would assure non to occupy Cuba # 8221 ; ( Paterson 281 ) . Subsequently even still, Khrushchev sent a 2nd notice that stated that he would mer chandise the missiles in Cuba for the 1s in Turkey. In other words, if we disposed of the 1s in Turkey so he would take the 1s in Cuba. Ultimately we did take to accept these guidelines, and all missiles were removed. Throughout the class of the Kennedy Administration, there were enormous convulsion that rocked the whole foundation of the presidential term. The Bay of Pigs was a catastrophe before it was even off the land. The CIA did non be after out the invasion plenty to win in a successful triumph. The bulk of the incrimination went onto Kennedy # 8217 ; s record as non being the 1 that had planned it out and non giving the spell in front for the 2nd air foray. It was subsequently proven that no affair what the result of the 2nd air foray would hold been, it would non hold mattered. The CIA besides released a papers taking the full duty and incrimination for the incident at the Bay of Pigs. The Cuban Missile Crisis non merely worried the U.S. but besides worried the remainder of the universe as to how it would turn out. The Soviet # 8217 ; s backed Cuba as an ally and fed them missiles and the supplies to construct the missile silos in Cuba. The Soviet # 8217 ; s said they did this as a cou nter step incase we did in fact invade Cuba. Between these two major struggles of the clip, it can be said that the two states were non combating over Cuba in itself, but more or less combating over the belief of Communism.

Comparative Paper on Perfect Sunday free essay sample

The Second Joyful Mystery Ding-dong. As I lazily got up to answer the door of the short stories in my hand, I was surprised to see a blind man, named Robert and a long lost grandson, named Jorge. Perfect Sunday by Jose Ayala and Cathedral by Raymond Carver both revolves around the host-visitor dynamic. Raymond Carvers Cathedral revolves around the interaction of the character of the husband and his wifes long time blind friend, Robert and Jose Ayalas Perfect Sunday delves into Jorges visit to his grandmother. As both pairs of characters engage in small talk they are able to reconnect, establish new ties and iscover more of themselves. The characters of the short stories will be cross-examined with each other. First would be visitor to visitor then host to host, Jorge to Robert and Dona Santos to the husband. Then Jorge will be compared to the husband and Dona Santos will be compared to Robert. Through this we can discover the deeper ideas both short stories possess. Jorge and Robert are both the visitors in the short stories. Both characters appear to be unconventional to the host characters. The husband and Dona Santos are in a way traditional and conservative. In Cathedral the husband was at first not very comfortable with Robert visiting. Aside from Robert being a complete stranger, the husband was not at ease about the idea that Robert was blind. The husband had a lot of preconceived notions about how blind men behaved and looked like. The thought that Robert married an African-American woman came as a shock to him. He even reacted quite violently. Her name was Beulah. Beulah! Thats a name of a colored woman. Was his wife a Negro? I asked. He also was surprised when he saw Robert with a beard and without a cane or a pair of glasses. He was even taken aback with the way Robert ate. l watched with admiration as he used his knife and fork on the meat. In Perfect Sunday Dona Santos is the typical grandmother. According to the text she is of traditional Spanish descent. She is very conservative. Jorges lifestyle seems to be quite not ideal to her. When Jorge took out a cigarette Dona Santos eyed Jorge quizzically. Dona Santos looked at the cigarette, then at Jorge. She also seemed to be a little disappointed that Jorge is a musician. She seemed to have approved more on Jorges cousin, Leo who was a taking up business administration nd was disappointed when she heard that he was not able to finish school. The visitor characters represent the unusual in the society each of the short stories exist in. They also represent change and reform in the society. The host characters symbolize the norm and the tradition the society upholds. In both short stories the contrasting of these ideas are present. Both selections also look into how the concept of change and tradition can help shape the characters. Jorge and the husband are very much alike. Both characters have that tendency to election when he was observing the passersby. This trait is apparent to the husband with regard to how he perceives and treats Robert. Both characters are not in tuned to their religious beliefs. Jorges refusal to attend mass and even claiming that doing so will ruin his perfect Sunday is proof to this. The husbands prayer during their dinner was done Jokingly and even bordering on mockery. When asked by Robert whether he was religious or not, he explicitly answered l guess I dont believe in it. Dona Santos and Robert can be put next to each other. Both these characters are the eligious or spiritual influence in the other characters lives. Dona Santos beliefs are more explicitly stated. Roberts can be considered as more spiritual. These characters serve as the catalysts for change in their co-characters. Dona Santos sense of religiousness and spirituality influenced Jorge in a Juvenile and very childlike way, the way a little boy is disciplined by his grandmother for not going to mass or rewarded for behaving well in the liturgy. Through this, although very superficial, Jorge was able to grasp a ritualistic and cultural concept of religion and his grandmothers beliefs. I found the husbands and Roberts spiritual enlightenment quite problematic, because both of them were high on marijuana when they engaged in the activity. This may be so, but in a way Robert was also able to help awaken and reconnect the husbands character to himself. Both selections had religious references in them, specifically with cathedrals. In Perfect Sunday, cathedral was used to describe Jorges state of being, Feeling again like a vast and empty cathedral. As for Cathedral, the cathedral served as a vessel for the enlightenment and awakening of the husband. The cathedrals can also ymbolize how the characters perceive religion and ultimately their lives. For Jorge religion is very tradition based. With his grandmothers influence, religion is an obligation and not devotion. So when his grandmother asked him if he went to mass his mind went into this trance-like, echoing and empty state. What Jorge knows of religion is its structure and like a cathedral, its vast hollowness. As for the husbands experience, the cathedral, at first, amplified his unfamiliarity with religion. But what the story promotes is that when the husband begins to open his mind to what Robert as to say and looks at things in a different way; profound, transcendent and unexpected experiences arise.

Country Profiles Malaysia and Indonesia

There are two emerging economies in Asia and these are Malaysia and Indonesia. Aside from the rhyming names there are many similarities that make it interesting to compare both countries. These two countries experienced hardships as a result of being under foreign domination. But the most impressive achievements of its people and political leaders is the creation of a new reality – one that is slowly erasing the stigma of poverty and transforming how they are being perceived by the international community.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Country Profiles: Malaysia and Indonesia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Country Profile: Malaysia Malaysia is a melting pot of culture because it is multi-ethnic like many of its Asian neighbours. It is also a multi-religious society and yet it must be pointed out that it is a Muslim nation because majority of its population adheres to Islam. At the same time a powerful Chinese community makes up the other part of the power structure in this country. From a geographical standpoint, the country is comprised of two regions and from a geopolitical standpoint â€Å"a federation of 13 states and three federal authorities† (World Factbook, 2011, p.1). It has now become a key tourist destination in Asia. This is due to the existence of tourist spots such as excellent beaches offering water sports and breathtaking sceneries. Sixty percent of the population are ethnic Malays while twenty six percent are comprised of Chinese. The rest are Indians and other indigenous peoples (Richmond, 2007, p.45). The Gross Domestic Product per capita is $14,700 (World Factbook, 2011, p.1). The GDP composition be sector is listed as follows: a) agriculture 9.1%; b) industry 41.6%; and c) services 49.3% (World Factbook, 2011, p.1). The Malays dominate the political realm while the Chinese control the business realm. The Indians on the other hand are the poorest in the country. It is important to point out that â€Å"the United Kingdom is Malaysia’s largest market in Europe and comparatively speaking, Malaysia is the UK’s second largest market for goods in South East Asia, after Singapore† (Foreign Commonwealth Office, 2011, p.1). This is not surprising because the United Kingdom has been a leading investor in Malaysia. The cumulative investment made in the last thirty years is estimated to be over  £20 billion (Foreign Commonwealth Office, 2011, p.1). The focus of UK Trade and Investment are in education, oil and gas, and defence (Foreign Commonwealth Office, 2011, p.1). The success of Malaysia can be attributed to its trade and investments.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although huge sums of money are coming in from the UK, the flow of investment flows in two directions because Malaysia is also investing in t he UK. There are at least eighteen Malaysian companies that are listed on the London Stock Exchange. Malaysian companies have controlling interest in Wessex Water; Lotus; Laura Ashley and the Corus hotel chain to name a few (Foreign Commonwealth Office, 2011, p.1). Malaysia is slowly emerging as a dominant economic force in Asia. Country Profile: Indonesia The economic status of the population is diverse ranging from â€Å"rural hunter-gatherers to modern urban elite† (BBC News, 2011, p.1). From a geographical standpoint Indonesia is comprised of thousands of islands big and small that are straddled in between Thailand and Australia. It is a hot and humid country and the terrain is mostly coastal lowlands and the relative size of the country is comparable to Texas (World Factbook, 2011, p.1). The size of the country, its archipelagic nature, and its ethnical diversity can explain the difficulty of managing the nation and uniting the people towards a common goal. In the decad e of the 70’s General Suharto became the nation’s tyrannical ruler. The economic development of Indonesia was based on how Suharto distributed largesse to his family and supporters (Vickers, 2005, p.169). Another problematic aspect of Suharto’s rule is his insistence of army involvement. After Suharto’s ouster from power, the nation and its people began the painful and slow rebuilding process. The country’s new political leaders had to leverage its vast natural resources to improve its economic condition. This nation has â€Å"weathered the global financial crisis because of its heavy reliance on domestic consumption as the driver of economic growth† (BBC News, 2011, p.1). Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Product per capita is $4,200 (World Factbook, 2011, p.1). The GDP composition by sector on the other hand is listed as follows: a) agriculture 16.5%; b) 46.4%; and c) services 37.1% (World Factbook, 2011, p.1). Indonesia enjoy better stand ing than its neighbour Thailand but it is not at par yet with Malaysia and could not be compared to its second closest neighbour Australia in terms of economic prosperity. Nevertheless, the marked improvement of Indonesia over the past decades is an achievement in itself considering the problems it faced in the past. The economy has stabilised due to reforms. As a result real GDP has grown by 6.1% in 2008 and is considered the fastest rate since the Asian financial crisis (Foreign Commonwealth Office, 2011, p.1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Country Profiles: Malaysia and Indonesia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indonesia could have gone to the next level and pave the way to become an economic force like Singapore and Malaysia but because of poor infrastructure, a complex regulatory environment and corruption, it underperforms. Foreign investments are not as robust as Malaysia and therefore economic growth is unnecessarily hampered. Comparison In the past Malaysia struggled to maintain stability. A country ravaged by foreign domination and weakened by decades of internal turmoil. However, in the present time many have acknowledged that this Asian nation is one of the most vibrant economies in the East. It is due to decades of industrial growth and the careful management of astute politicians. It is a success story that keeps on surprising many international observers. For the good of the Malaysian people and the Asian region, the positive trend must continue. It is comparable to Indonesia because while Malaysia was ruled by British, Indonesia on the other hand was dominated by the Dutch for many centuries. At the same both countries experienced the same thing after wrestling independence from foreign overlords – both countries were ruled for many decades by a dictator. In the case of Indonesia General Suharto came to power in 1965 and reluctantly relinquished it only in 1998. The most problematic aspect of Suharto’s rule is his insistence of army involvement in all levels of government that has resulted in corruption (BBC News, 2011, p.1). The forced evacuation of people fostered conflict. Nevertheless, Suharto did something right by allow technocrats to run the economy and therefore ensuring modest economic success. Another important criterion for comparison is the fact that both countries are known to be Muslim nations. But Malaysia managed to control the rise of extremists while Indonesia has become a playground for Islamic terrorists. In 2002 for instance a massive bomb went on in Bali, Indonesia, a world class resort frequented by many Westerners. This event tarnished the reputation of Indonesia and it can be argued that the government’s inability to curb terrorist activities is a major hindrance to their continued growth. It is therefore important to study Malaysia and how it was able to maintain an image of stability and peace even i f it is also a nation with a significant Muslim population. Another important criterion for comparison is the utilisation of natural and human resources to foster economic growth. Malaysia is an exporter of electronics; oil and gas; and palm oil and rubber. Indonesia on the other hand, exports agricultural products such as rice and cassava. One revealing point of comparison is the oil reserves and the capacity to export crude oil.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The proven oil reserves of Indonesia are 4.05 billion barrels as of 2010 estimates. ts oil exports are a modest 322,000 barrels per day as of 2009 estimates. Consider for a fact that Malaysia’s proven oil reserves is lesser at 2.9 billion barrels as of 2010 estimates. However, its oil exports are higher at 511,900 barrels per day as of 2007 estimates. This means that Indonesia can boast significant amounts of natural resources and yet it is unable to efficiently harness them. There is a big difference in the way both countries are being managed. Nevertheless, the economic reforms and financial success of the two countries cannot be denied especially if compared to Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. One possible clue to the emergence of these two economic powers in Asia is the fact that both countries succeeded in weaning their respective economies from overdependence on agricultural exports. It can be argued that more money can be made in other pursuits. It is therefore important to discover that the GDP composition per sector of the Malaysia and Indonesia are quite similar. Malaysia’s GDP in the agriculture sector is 9.1% while Indonesia is 16.5%. Malaysia’s GDP in the industry sector is 41.6% while Indonesia is 46.4%. Malaysia’s GDP in the service sector is 49.3% while Indonesia is 48.9%. This is clear evidence that both countries are serious in changing their economic make-up and investing more in industrialisation and preparing its people to compete in a highly global world. But Malaysia is farther ahead in the field; consider for instance that the HDI for Malaysia is 57 while Indonesia is 108 (United Nations Development Programme, 2011, p.1). Conclusion There is a good reason to compare Malaysia and Indonesia. Both countries have similar economic backgrounds being dominated by foreign overlords and suffered under the hands of a dictator. However, the political leaders were able to turn the economy around after they earned their inde pendence. Indonesia was mismanaged more badly than Malaysia. Thus, it may explain why the economic development lags behind that of Malaysia. The political leaders in both countries succeed in developing an economy that is not dependent on imports. The best example is the use of their oil reserves to fuel the energy needs of the nation. At the same time both countries succeeded in industrialising the economy so that Malaysia and Indonesia are gearing towards a service oriented economy. References BBC News. (2011). Indonesia Country Profile. BBC News. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/country_profiles/1260544.stm BBC News. (2011). Malaysia Country Profile. BBC News. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1304569.stm Foreign Commonwealth Office. (2011). Asia and Oceania. Foreign Commonwealth Office. Retrieved from http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/asia-oceania/indonesia/?profile=economy Richmond, S. (2007). Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. London: Lonely Planet. United Nations Development Programme. (2011). International Human Development Indicators: Malaysia. Retrieved from http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/MYS.html United Nations Development Programme. (2011). International Human Development Indicators: Indonesia. Retrieved from http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IDN.html Vickers, A. (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. World Factbook. (2011). Indonesia. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html World Factbook. (2011). Malaysia. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html This essay on Country Profiles: Malaysia and Indonesia was written and submitted by user Hayes Ramirez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

art history terms Essay

art history terms Essay art history terms Essay Dark Age to Archaic Greece Iron Age: the period generally occurring after the Bronze Age, marked by the prevalent use of iron. Geometric Style; a phase of Greek art, characterised largely by geometric motifs in vase painting, that flourished towards the end of the Greek Dark Ages, circa 900 BC to 700 BC. Its centre was in Athens, and it was diffused amongst the trading cities of the Aegean Orientalizing Style; The period is characterized by a shift from the prevailing Geometric style to a style with different sensibilities, which were inspired by the East. Archaic Style:The termini of the Archaic period are defined as the "structural revolution", meaning a sudden upsurge of population and material goods that occurred c. 750 BC, and the "intellectual revolution" of classical Greece.[1] The end of archaism is conventionally marked by Xerxes' invasion of Greece in 480 BC. Zeus; rules the Olympians of Mount Olympus as a father rules the family according to theancient Greek religion. He is the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology. Athena; goddess of wisdom, courage, inspiration, civilization, law and justice, just warfare, mathematics, strength, strategy, the arts, crafts, and skill. Herakles; Steal the apples of the Hesperides (He had the help of Atlas to pick them after Hercules had slain Ladon). Hermes; Hermes is a god of transitions and boundaries. He is quick and cunning, and moved freely between the worlds of the mortal and divine, as emissary and messenger of the gods,[1] intercessor between mortals and the divine, and conductor of souls into the afterlife. Dionysus; the god of the grape harvest, winemaking and wine, of ritual madness andecstasy in Greek mythology. Apollo; The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of light and the sun, truth and prophecy, healing, plague, music, poetry, and more. Medusa; a monster, a Gorgon, generally described as having the face of a hideous human female with living venomous snakes in place of hair. Gazing directly upon her would turn onlookers to stone. Perseus; founder of Mycenae and of the Perseid dynasty of Danaans, was the first of the heroes of Greek mythology whose exploits in defeating various archaic monsters provided the founding myths of the Twelve Olympians. Perseus beheaded the Gorgon Medusa, and saved Andromeda from the sea monster Cetus. Nike;a goddess who personified victory, also known as the Winged Goddess of Victory. kouros; meaning (male) youth, was first proposed for what were previously thought to be depictions of Apollo by V. I. Leonardos in 1895 in relation to the youth from Keratea,[2] and adopted by Lechat as a generic term for the standing male figure in 1904.[3] kore; equivalent to a male kouros. They both show the restrained "archaic smile", but - unlike the nude kouroi - korai are depicted in thick drapery, ornate and (in painted examples) very colorful and often have elaborate braided hairstyles. Parthenon in 1886 and called "the Korai of Acropolis". peplos; a body-length garment established as typical attire for women in ancient Greece by 500 BC (the Classical period). polis (mean: city-state); a political entity ruled by its body of citizens. archaic smile: their subject was alive, and infused with a sense of well-being. â€Å"Catastrophy† in the Aegean: Theories Evidence Effects Us vs. Them: Manufacturing Communities on Mainland Greece Darwinian/Evolutionary Theory; Johannes Winkelmann Archaic to Classical Greece Persian War; Cyrus; the founder of the Achaemenid Empire.[9] Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East,[9] expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much of Central Asia Xerxes; the fourth king of the kings of Achaemenid Empire. Ionian Revolt; The cities of Ionia had been conquered by Persia, the ionians then revolted Marathon; Greeks win Thermopylae; Xerces

French and Industrial revolutions effect on Europe Essay

French and Industrial revolutions effect on Europe - Essay Example Unlike realism supporters, liberalists viewed morality as a global responsibility rather than acting to secure ones state only. As matter of fact, liberalists argue the world was in war due to states preparation for war. Liberalism can be marked as making a significant impact in the European region in late 19th century and early 20th century. Liberalist advocated for the free trade, minimal tariffs and strong constitutions while undermining the importance of unions. Socialism came to counter the arguments made by liberalists. In an effort to reduce the inequality gap, socialists advocated for revolutionary measures to bring equality between capitalists and labourers. This ideology called for a strong government, restricted international trade and protection to workers. In a nutshell socialism called for redistribution of resources in favour of the workers, who happened to be humiliated by the free- market economy. Some scholars still noted the success of previous political systems and thus came up with conservatism. Conservatisms encouraged the preservation of the successful historical modes of government. To them, change in political administrations ought to be gradual rather than revolutionary. Realism ideology supported authoritative governance. Factually, realism refers to the doctrine of perceiving thoughts as true and real. As mentioned earlier, morality was viewed as the aspect of supporting ones state, and being loyal to the readers. Realism was based on the fact that individuals are generally rude and generally provoke chaos and thus being mandated by the government was the only remedy to

Religion and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religion and Society - Essay Example Various charismatic and religious leaders are known to have brought about change, for example, Martin Luther King, who is seen to have played a crucial role in liberating the blacks. Religious leaders are known to have some sort of control on the members of the society, implying that people will follow their directives in the effort of bringing about change in the society. Various scholars have come up with theories that explain how religion acts as a radical force for revolutionary change, and give examples from various actions of church leaders, which have shown that religion has the command to change the status quo, e.g., during the apartheid when Archbishop Desmond Tutu fought against it (Idinopulos). The society also depends on various religious bodies and institutions to lay down rituals and values on the society, and this plays a crucial role in bringing unity in the community (Gerrie and Tsuruoka 14). In most families that follow some religion, at a tender age, children are b rought up with values from the church and they are introduced to the religious side of life, and this guides their behavior and how they grow up. Families will rely on religion for moral socialization of their children, which enforces a sense of ethnic identity and morality, which they will take up for the rest of their lives. Therefore, religion has changed the society as it acts as a source of social control, hence playing a paramount role in bringing order in the society. 2. How Is Religion Raising Questions of Identity and Challenging Concepts of Citizenship? The fundamental meaning of religion is laid down on the basis of common beliefs and practices carried out by a group of people that dictates their moral conduct (Gerrie and Tsuruoka 5). Therefore, people of one religion will have rules that govern their conduct and will stipulate the ways of living, failing which equals to going against the will of God. On the other hand, identity will have to do with knowing where one belo ngs, and the two will come into play as there are various religions in the world today, which range from Christianity and Islam to Hinduism, just to name a few. Religion now raises questions of identity in that people will belong to different religions, and this comes into play as this will dictate the various identities of people from various religions. Therefore, people will have different identities in that they will identify themselves with various religions, which will determine who they see themselves as. This means that people will identify themselves as Christians, Muslims, Hindus or any other follower. This lays a divide in how people identify one another as they will have different beliefs that they follow. Religion is also known to challenge the concept of citizenship as both will have different laws depending on the majority religion in the country. There are Muslim nations, Christian ones and so on, and this means that different countries will have a majority religion f ollowing implying that the religion of the majority will be the one used to form most rules in the country. The laws of the country will be used by citizens, and this forms the basis of citizenship, but religion will also have a role to play in governing how people relate and their way of life. There are situations where the laws of the land are not in line with those of citizenship, and this implies that there will be a clash between the two; hence, there is a dilemma on what should be followed. For example, there might be a conflict on what a Christian, who is a citizen of a Muslim country, should do in matters that relate

Business Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Organization - Essay Example The choice of the organization for my consultancy after considering all the above factors is narrowed between Limited Liability Company and Limited Liability Partnership. To begin with my inclination is to start with LLP. I would discuss with all the interested classmates draft an agreement specifying at least the following points General Partners- Those classmates of mine who share my vision of providing consultancy to Non Profit organizations to help the start up their activities, raise necessary funds, staff them and set up their legal structure, marketing support etc. They would compliment me and we would divide work segments, each of us specializing in one or two areas so that there is no conflict of interest and the partnership flourishes as a result of team effort. They would also bring capital as agreed before commencing the business. They would also be jointly and severally liable for any legal suits brought against the partnership. Limited Partners- They are my friends who have full confidence in my project and are willing to back me up by providing the necessary funds for starting and running the business venture. They have already committed the funds as asked by me. None of them is interested in day to day running of the organization but still would like to have a say in the general direction, internal matters like admission or expulsion of other partner, agreeing on terms of partnership, etc, so they would be limited partners, their liability would be limited to their share in the partnership. General public would not be aware of their role in the partnership and we'll have to take care not to include their name in the name of the partnership or they will lose their limited privilege. As is obvious from the discussion above the funds needed for our organization would be financed mainly by the partners themselves in the form of their capital contribution. The general partners

Characteristics of the leadership process

Characteristics of the leadership process Stogdills definition has three key components. First, it defines leadership as an interpersonal process in which one individual seeks to shape and direct the behaviour of others. Second, it sets leadership in a social context. In which the members of a group to be influenced are subordinates or followers. Third, it establishes a criterion for effective leadership in goal achievement, which is one practical objective of leadership theory and research. Most definitions share these processual, contextual and evaluative components. Some key charachteristics of the leadership process Leadership is a process of influencing others primarily through the use of noncorecive influence techniques. This charachteristics distinguishes a leader from a dictator. Leadership influence is goal directed to attain defined group or organisational goals There are five approaches to the study of leadership: Trait spotting: attempts to identify the personality trait and other related attributes of the effective leader in order to facilitate the selection of leaders. Style counselling :attempts to characterize different leadership behaviour patterns to identify effective and ineffective leadership styles. In order to improve the training and development of leaders. Context fitting: contingency theories which argue that the effectiveness of particular leadership behaviours is dependent on the organisational and cultural setting, which can also facilitate leadership awareness and training. New leadership perspective approaches: which identify new leaders, superleaders and transformational leaders as heroic and inspirational visionaries who give purpose and direction to others, with an emphasis on senior executives and politicians whose motivational role is said to be central to organisational strategy and effectiveness. Dispersing the role: a recent perspective which notes that leadership behaviour is not confined to those with formal leadership roles but can be observed across the organisation hierarchy, and thus one aspect of the new superleadership role is to develop self -leadership skills in others. Any study of leadership would be incomplete without an understanding of the debate between leaders Vs managers Leadership versus management We first have to deal with one crucial question: what is the difference between leadership and management? Some commentators argue that these terms are synonymous, as leadership is simply one facet of the management role. Other commentators argue that this distinction is significant. Leaders and managers play different contributions: leaders have followers, managers have subordinates. Those who make a clear distinction portray the leader as someone who develops visions and drives new initiatives, and portray the manager as someone who monitors progress towards objectives to achieve order and reliability. The leader is prophet, catalyst and mover-shaker, focused on strategy. The manager is operator, technician and problem solver, concerned with the here -and- now of goal attainment. The key distinguishing feature here is orientation to change . As Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus (1985, p.21) observe, managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing. Leadership versus Management Creating an agenda Establishes direction: Plans and budgets vision of the future, develops strategies decides actions and timetables, for change to achieve goals allocates recourses E Leadership functions Management functions Developing people Aligning people: Organizing and staffing: communicates vision and strategy, decides structure and allocates staff, influences creation of terms which develops policies, procedures and accept validity of goals Monitoring Execution Motivating and inspiring: Controlling, problem solving: energizes people to overcome obstacle, monitors results against plan and satisfies human needs takes corrective actions Outcomes Produces positive and sometimes produces orders, consistency and dramatic changes Predictability Tutorial question Discuss: Modern day organisations need leaders or managers Please discuss and give relevant examples to justify your answer. Power: what is it, and how can I get more? Leadership is about influencing the behaviour of others. One cannot be a leader without followers. One key attribute of followers is that they must be willing to obey. Leadership is a property of the relationship between leader and follower. We need to know why people are willing to let themselves be influenced by some individuals and not by others. We thus need to understand the nature of compliance. Leadership and power Power is a useful concept with which to explain the social process of interpersonal influence. Power is a critical dimension of leadership, and the two terms are often used with the same or similar meanings: a leader is someone with power, powerful individuals are leaders. We can thus define power in much the same way that we have defined leadership-as the ability of an individual to control or influence others, or to get some-one else to do something that they would perhaps not do. There are different sources of power to name a few information power, affiliation power expert power, all these power bases are interrelated. The exercise of one power base may affect a leaders ability to use another. The leader who resorts to coercive power may for example lose referent power. The leader may be able to use legitimate power to enhance both referent and expert power. A leader can operate from multiple sources of power and few leaders may be able to rely on a single power base. Please see table: Sources of power p+ are positive sources of power p- are negative sources of power POWER BASE EXPLANATION PERCEIVED AS Reward remuneration, award, compliment, symbolic p+ gestures of praise Coercion physical or psychological injury, symbolic gestures of disdain, demotion, unwanted transfer, withholding resources p- Authority Management right to control, obligation of others p- to obey, playing the boss and abusing authority exercise of leadership in times of crisis or need p+ Referent identification based on personal characteristics, sometimes on perception of charisma; or reciprocal identification based on friendship, association, sharing information, common interests, values and preferences p+ Expert Possession of specialized knowledge valued by Others, used to help others, given freely when solicited. p+ Unsolicited expertise creates barriers; expertise Offered condescendingly is coercive; withholding expertise in times of need p- Information access to information that is not public knowledge, because of position or connections; can exist at all organizational levels; secretaries and personal assistants to executives often have information power, and can control information flows p- Affiliation borrowed from an authority source-executive Secretaries and assistants act as surrogates for their Superiors p+ acting on their own self-interest; using negative affiliation power by applying accounting and personal policies rigidly p- Group collective problem solving, conflict resolution, creative brainstorming; group resolution greater Than the individual contribution. p+ a few individual dominating the proceedings, groupthink p- Tutorial question Discuss : Which power base or which combination of power bases would you expect to be most effective for an organisation leader in current times? Five approaches to Leadership Research on leadership shows five main approaches in the study of leadership and that leadership theories have evolved gradually starting from the Trait spotting approach to New Leadership theories Trait spotting: the research for personality markers For the first four decades of the twentieth century, researches assumed that they could identify the personality traits of leaders It would then be possible to select individuals who possessed those traits and to promote them into leadership position. This search for the qualities of good leaders was influenced by great man theory, which claims that (predominantly male) leaders are born as such, and emerge to take power, regardless of the social, organisational or historical context. Great man theory is a historical perspective based on the premises that the fate of societies, and organizations, is in the hands of key, powerful, idiosyncratic (male) individuals who by force of personality reach positions of influence from which they can direct and dominate the lives of others. Typical list of qualities: Strong drive for responsibility; Focus on completing the task; Vigour and persistence in pursuit of goals; Venturesomeness and originality in problem solving; Drive to exercise initiative in social settings; Self-confidence; Sense of personal identity; Willingness to accept consequences of decisions and actions; Readiness to absorb interpersonal stress; Willingness to tolerate frustration and delay; Ability to influence the behaviour of others; Capacity to structure social systems to the purpose in hand. Rosemay Stewart (1963) cites a study in which American executives were asked to identify indispensable leadership qualities. They came up with the following fifteen traits: judgement initiative integrity foresight energy drive Human relations skill decisiveness Dependability emotional stability fairness ambition dedication objectivity Co-operation Limitations of the trait spotting theory It is difficult to challenge the list of qualities cited by either Stogdill or Stewart. Can we say that effective leaders should lack judgement, be low in energy, be undependable, lack drive, ambition, creativity and integrity and have little foresight? What happens when we compare Stewart with Stogdill? Both identify drive as a key trait. However, Stogdill lists venturesomeness, self-confidence, stress tolerance and system structuring as traits which Stewarts omits. Stewart identifies foresight, fairness, integrity, fairness and co-operation, which are missing from Stogdills list. Traits spotting presents several difficulties. First, there are more attributes here than personality traits. Second, these attributes are vague. Third, many of the items on these lists describe skills and behaviour patterns which have to be observed, rather than personality traits that can be assessed by questionnaires or interview: persistence in pursuit of goals, ability to influence others. It is difficult to see how trait spotting can be used effectively in leadership selection context, as originally intended. A further problem lies with the observation that one list of good leadership qualities is as good as another. Stogdills review revealed some overlap between research findings, but it is also revealed disagreement and inconsistency. This line of research has been unable to establish a consistent set of leadership traits of attributes. Leadership is about power and influence, the chemistry of which it is difficult to analyse in terms of personality traits. Style counselling: the search for effective behaviour patterns Disillusionment with the traits approach meant that leadership, management and supervisory style became a major focus for research. Attention switched from selecting leaders on personality traits to training and developing leaders in appropriate behaviour patterns. This research tradition argues that a considerate, participative, democratic and involving leadership style is more effective than an impersonal, autocratic and directive style. Two research projects, the Michigan and Ohio studies, in the 1940s and 1950s underpinned Employee- centred behaviour: focusing on relationships and employee needs; employee-centred behaviour: focusing on relationships and employee needs job-centred behaviour : focusing Consideration is a pattern of leadership behavior that demonstrates sensitivity to relationships and to the social needs of employees. Initiating structure is a pattern of leadership behavior that emphasizes performance of the work in hand and the achievement of product and service goals. Consistent with the Michigan studies, the Ohio results identified two categories of leadership behaviour, consideration and initiating structure. The considerate leader is needs- and the relationship- oriented. The leader who structures work for subordinates is task-oriented. The considerate leader is interested in and listens to subordinates, allows participation in decision making, is friendly and approachable, helps subordinates with personal problems and is prepared to support them if necessary. The leaders behaviour indicates genuine trust, respect, warmth and rapport. This enhances subordinates feeling of self-esteem and encourages the development of communications and relationships in a work group. The researches first called this leadership dimension social sensitivity. The leader initiating structure plans ahead, decides how thing are going to get done, structures tasks and assigns work, makes expectation clear, emphasizes deadlines and achievement, and expects subordinates to follow instructions. The leaders behaviour stresses production and the achievement of organisational goals. This type of behaviour can stimulate enthusiasm to achieve objectives as well as encouraging and helping subordinates to get the work done. This is the kind of emphasis that the scientific management school encouraged, except that here it is recognised that task orientation can have a positive motivating aspect. The researches first called this leadership dimension production emphasis. Consideration and structure are independent behaviour patterns and do not represent the extremes of a continuum. A leader can emphasize one or both. Job satisfaction is likely to be higher and grievances and labour turnover lower where the leader emphasizes consideration. Task performances, on the other hand, is likely to be higher where the leader emphasizes the initiation of structure. Inconsiderate leaders typically have subordinates who complain and who are more likely to leave the organisation, but can have comparatively productive work groups if they are high on initiating structure. Initiating structure High low High performance low performance High few grievances few grievances Low turnover low turnover Consideration Low High performance low performance Many grievances many grievances High turnover high turnover Figure 1 : The Ohio State leadership theory predictions The influential work of another University of Michigan researcher, Rensis Likert(1961), reinforced the benefits of considerate performance-oriented leadership. He found that supervisors in highly productive sections were more likely to: Receive general as opposed to close supervision from their superior; Give general as opposed to close supervision to their subordinates Enjoy their responsibility and authority; Spend more time on supervision; Be employee- rather than production-oriented Supervisors in sections where productivity was low were production-oriented and concentrated on keeping their subordinates busy on achieving targets on time. The effective supervisors were not just concerned with employee needs. They were seen as subordinates as emphasizing high performance and had a contagious enthusiasm for achieving goals. Likert and his team identified four main styles or systems of leadership: System 1: Exploitative autocratic, in which the leader Has no confidence and trust in subordinates; Imposes decisions, never delegates; Motivates by threat; Has little communication and team work. System 2: Benevolent authoritative, in which the leader Has superficial, condescending trust in subordinates; Imposes decisions, never delegates; Motivates by reward; Sometimes involves subordinates in solving problems. System 3: Participative, in which the leader Has some incomplete confidence and trust in subordinates; Listens to subordinates but controls decision making; Motivates by reward and some involvement; Uses ideas and opinions of subordinates constructively. System 4: Democratic, in which the leader Has complete confidence and trust in subordinates; Allows subordinates to make decisions for themselves; Motivates by reward for achieving goals set by participation; Shares ideas and opinion. Likerts research showed that effective supervisors were those who adopted either system 3 or system 4 leadership, what Likert called and alternative organisational lifestyle. Tutorial question: The style counselling leadership approach is extremely relevant in current times Discuss this statement. Context fitting: the development of contingency theories The Michigan and Ohio perspectives offer leaders one best way to handle followers, by adopting the high-consideration, high-structure ideal. This advice is supported by the fact that most people like their leaders to be considerate, even when they are performance- oriented as well. The main criticism of this perspective lies with the observation that one leadership style may not be effective in all circumstances. Departing from one best way, Robert Tannenbaum and Warren Schmidt (1958) presented the autocratic- democratic choice as a continuum, from boss centred leadership at one extreme to subordinate- centred leadership at the other. This is illustrated in figure 2 Subordinate-centred leadership Boss- centred leadership The contingency theory of leadership is a perspective which states that leaders to be effective must adapt their style in a manner consistent with aspects such as the work context, attributes of workers and the nature of the work to be done Use of authority by the manager Area of freedom for subordinates Manager Manager Manager Manager presents Manager presents Manager defines Manager permits makes decisions sells presents ideas tentative decision problem, gets limits; asks group subordinates to and announces it. Decisions. and invites subject to change. suggestion, makes to make decision. function within limits questions. Decision. defined bysuperior. The Tannenbaum-Schmidt continuum of leadership behavior The steps in this continuum are represented as alternatives for the leader; their article was subtitled should the manager be democratic or autocratic- or something in between? Tannenbaum and Schmidt argue that the answer depends on three sets of forces: Forces in the manager personality, values, preferences, beliefs about Employee participation, confidence in subordinates Forces in the subordinates need for independence, tolerance of ambiguity Knowledge of the problem, expectations of involvement Forces in the situation organizational norms, size and location of work Groups, effectiveness of teamworking, nature of The problem Having concentrated on forces in the manager, having challenged the notion of one best way, to lead, research now considered aspects of the context in which the leader was operating: the people being led, the nature of the work they were doing, and the wider organisational setting. This perspective suggests that leaders must be able to diagnose the context and be able to decide what behaviour will fit. As the best style is contingent on the situation, this approach is referred to as the contingency theory of leadership. Tutorial question Leadership research and theory seems to be consistent in arguing that a considerate, employee- cantered, participative and democratic style is more effective. What factors in an organisational context would make an inconsiderate, goal- centred, impersonal and autocratic leadership style more effective? Contingency theory of leadership contd Another influential contingency theory of leadership was developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard (1988). They believe that leaders can alter their style to fit the context. Hersey and Blanchard call their approach situational leadership, summarised in fig 3, which describe leader behaviour on two dimensions. The first dimension (horizontal axis) concerns task behaviour, or the amount of direction a leader gives to subordinates. This can vary from specific instructions, at one extreme, to complete delegation, at the other. Hersey and Blanchard identify two intermediate positions, where leaders either facilitate subordinates decisions or take care to explain their own. Situational leadership is an approach to determining the most effective style of influencing, taking into accounts of direction and support the leader gives, the readiness and maturity of followers to perform a particular task. The second dimension (vertical axis) concerns supportive behaviour and the amount of social backup a leader gives to subordinates. This can vary from limited communication, at one extreme, to considerable listening, facilitating and supporting at the other. The model establishes four basic leadership styles, labelled S1 to S4 S1 Telling: High amounts of task behaviour, telling subordinates what to do, when to do it and how to do it, but with little leadership behaviour. S2 Selling: High amounts of both task behaviour and relationship behaviour. S3 Participating: Lots of relationship behaviour and support, but little direction of task behaviour. S4 Delegating: Not much task behaviour or relationship behaviour. Share ideas and Explain decisions and provide Facilitate decision making. Opportunity for clarification. PARTICIPATING S3 S2 SELLING DELAGATING TELLING Turn over responsibility Provide specific instructions For decisions and and closely supervise Implementation performance. S4 S1 (Supporting Behavior/Relationship Behavior R RELATIONSHIP BEHAVIOUR Low TASK BEHAVIOUR high (GUIDANCE) High Moderate low R4 R3 R2 R1 Able and willing or confident Follower Readiness Able but unwilling Or insecure Unable and unwilling Or insecure Unable but willing Or confident Follower directed leader directed Hersey and Blanchard also argue that the readiness of followers to perform a particular task is a key factor. This is explained by the lower portion of the figure in which follower readiness is drawn on a continuum, with insecure subordinates unwilling to act at one extreme to confident followers able and willing to perform at the other. Superimpose the readiness continuum on the top half of the model and you have a basis for selecting an effective leadership style. It is compelling and consistent with other theories to suggest that insecure subordinates need telling while willing and confident groups can be left to do the job. Tutorial question; Take an organisation of your choice and discuss the relevance and significance of the Hersey and Blanchard situational leadership theory. Leadership in the twenty-first century Two related trends in leadership thinking are now evident: Recognition of the role of heroic, powerful, charismatic, visionary leader. Recognition of the role of information leadership, at all levels. These trends appear to be contradictory. We have the new leader, who is a rational figure motivating followers to superlative levels of achievement. However, we have also the super leader, who is able to lead other lead themselves .The super leader thus encourage, develops and co-exists with informal leadership dispersed throughout the organisation hierarchy. The new leader is an indispensable and inspirational visionary, a coach, a facilitator concerned with building a shared sense of purpose and mission, with creating a culture which ensures that everyone is aligned with the organisations goals and is skilled and empowered to go and achieve them. The super leader is a leader who is able to develop leadership capacity in other, developing and empowering them, reducing their dependence on formal leaders, stimulating their motivation, commitment and creativity. The new leadership theory originates from the work of McGregor Burns (1978), who distinguished between transactional and transformational leaders. The transactional leader is a leader who treats relationship with followers in terms of an exchange, giving followers what they want in return for what the leader desires, following prescribed tasks to pursue established goals. Transactional leaders see their relationship with formers in term of trade, swaps or bargains. Transformational leaders are characterised as individuals who inspire and motivates others to go beyond contract, to perform at unexpected levels. Although Burns saw these two types of leadership it was easy to see why some commentators equate transactional with management, and transformational with leadership. The transactional leader is a leader who treats relationship with followers in terms of an exchange, giving followers what they want in return for what the leader desires, following prescribed tasks to pursue established goals. The transformational leader is a leader who treats relationships with followers in terms of motivation and commitment , influencing and inspiring followers to give more than mechanical compliance and to improve organisational performance Transformational leadership occurs when leaders: Stimulates others to see what they are doing from new perspectives; Articulate the mission or vision of the organisation; Develop others to higher levels of ability; and Motivates others to put organisational interest before self-interest. They achieve this, according to Bass and Avolio, by using one or more of Idealised influence act as role models, attract admiration, respect and trust, put needs of others before personal interest, take risks and demonstrate high standards of ethical conduct Inspirational motivation motivate and inspire by providing meaning and challenge, arouse team spirit, show enthusiasm and optimism, communicate expectations, demonstrate commitment Intellectual stimulation question assumptions, reframe problems, approach old issues in new ways, encourage innovation and creativity, avoid public criticism of mistakes Individualised consideration attend to individual needs for growth and achievement, act as coach or mentor, create new learning opportunities, accept individual Differences, avoid close monitoring. The transformational leader is a leader who threats relationship with followers in terms of motivation and commitment, influencing and inspiring followers to give more than mechanical compliance and to improve organizational performance. It is tempting to regard the profusion of new terms and the shift in emphasis in leadership theory and research as a systematic development of earlier ideas. However, the identification of new, super, transformational leaders represent a simplification of the concept of leadership, returning to trait spotting (hunt the visionary) and overlooks what is known about the influences of a range of contextual factors on leadership effectiveness. Tutorial question Considering senior business and political leaders with whom you are familiar, either directly or through the media, which come closest to these definitions of new leader, super leader and transformational leader? The new, super, transformational leader looks like a one best way approach. Does this vindicate trait spotting and discredit contingency perspectives? Dispersing the leadership role In the distinction between leadership and management, orientation to change is a defining characteristic, a distinctive mark of the leader. These results suggest, therefore, that leadership is a widespread phenomenon. Leadership behaviours are dispersed rather than concentrated in the hands of formally appointed managers. Leadership functions are best carried out by people who have the interest, knowledge, skills and motivation to perform them effectively. This observation is reinforced by the development of self-managing autonomous teams, which often have no leaders, or have coach-facilitators whose role is to develop team skills. These coaching- facilitating are super leaders. Recognition of dispersed leadership does not imply a shift of focus away from formal, senior figures. It may be useful to separate notions of leadership from formal positions and prestige job titles. However, it is necessary to recognise that senior figures with prestige title continue to exercise leadership roles and functions as well. This twin-track approach, which combines recognition of visionary new leadership with the notion of a widely dispersed leadership decoupled from high office, is illustrated by Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus (1985). Their model of twenty-first century leadership (in which the new role of the leader is to be (leader of leaders) is summarised in table 4.

Essay --

Credit Rating Check: Improve Your Credit Score Your credit score is one of your most important financial attributes. Fortunately for those who are unsatisfied with their credit rating, there are plenty of options available. Improving your score is an attainable goal that everyone should aim for, even those who are content with their credit rating. Checking Your Score The first step to improving your credit score is simple, yet essential; request a copy of your credit report. Improvements can only be made when you are aware of your starting point. Luckily, this process is free, easy, and can be done from the comfort of your own home. You can visit www.annualcreditreport.com to complete the necessary forms online, or find information on how to complete the process via phone or mail. Aside from informing you of your score, it is also important to request a credit report to ensure that there are no errors. Clerical mistakes can occur, and you want to make certain that your credit score reflects completely accurate information. It is best to request a credit report as soon as possible, since disputing any issues can be a lengthy process. Paying Bills on Time This may seem like a no-brainer, but one of the most important steps to improving your credit score is to pay all of your bills on time. Even making payments a few days late can have an impact on your score, so try to always pay on (or, even better, before) the due-date. If you find yourself with a missed payment or two, it is very important to get caught up as soon as possible. Although older information will remain on your credit report, it holds less value than current financial activity. The longer you can go without missing a due-date, the less relevance y... ...ge. On top of that, a sudden increase in credit portrays you as a much higher risk than someone who has steadily built up accounts and credit as needed. Improving your credit score can be a difficult and frustrating process that takes plenty of patience. It is important to build strong financial habits that will increase your score over time. When you find yourself dealing with credit from the past, this process becomes even more complicated, but this is when it is most essential to take charge and begin to work on these steps. First and foremost, you must get a credit rating check if you want to improve your score. With that information, you can decide what steps need to be taken; they will be slightly different for everyone. It may be tough to motivate yourself to take charge of your credit score, but you will definitely thank yourself for doing so.

Multivitamin

In my house I have two types of multivitamins on hand. I have Marvel’s, The Amazing Spider-man complete multiple Vitamin and Mineral Supplement with DHA. I also have Equate Woman’s One Daily with calcium, Iron, and Zinc multivitamin and Mineral Supplement. My son, although an adult, prefers the taste of a chewable, which is why I have Spider-man vitamins on hand for a 20 year old. The benefit of taking either of these vitamins every day is that no matter what you eat each day, since a daily diet usually varies, your body is guaranteed to receive at least the minimum amount of essential vitamins and minerals a body needs to perform at its best. Almost every person has a day where they didn’t eat breakfast, or maybe they skipped lunch, the vitamin, helps to replace what they missed in getting from the nutrients given to a body through food. For instance, I do not drink a lot of milk. Therefore, unless I am eating a larger amount of other dairy products to compensate, I need a vitamin that contains calcium to support my bone growth, structure, and to prevent osteoporosis since I am in my 40’s. While not having enough vitamins and minerals in your body can cause many health related problems, over taking them can also cause health problems. They fact is that most vitamins and minerals are absorbed into the body, and eating a healthy diet with only one supplement can keep a person healthy and balanced. However, most people do not eat a healthy diet, therefore the supplements can help keep them on track. One must keep in mind as well though that some people over use supplements thinking they are increasing their health when the reality is they may be causing the very problems they are trying to prevent. The textbook relates to a study showing that too much pyridoxine caused people to lose the ability to walk (Chapter 8: The Vitamins, n.d.), whereas not enough was thought to cause anxiety and depression. The text also explains how sailors did not get scurvy when they took vitamin C. Too much vitamin C causes stomach ailments. Based on the guidelines, in my home, vitamins are needed. We do not eat a proper healthy diet that would contain all the correct amounts of vitamins and minerals our bodies need to support good health. Taking a vitamin everyday, which we do, makes me feel a little bit better about the state of our health and daily diet.

The character Oliver Twist Essays

The character Oliver Twist Essays The character Oliver Twist Essay The character Oliver Twist Essay Essay Topic: Oliver Twist This suggests that the poor orphans were fed so badly, they were fed watered- down gruel, which wasnt very appetizing but that was all they got so they didnt have a choice if they wanted to survive. He was being treated like a piece of luggage, being pushed around the system. Oliver is branded a troublemaker and is offered as an apprentice to anyone willing to take him. After narrowly escaping being bound to a chimney sweep, a very dangerous business where small boys are routinely smothered being lowered into chimneys; Oliver is apprenticed to the undertaker, Mr Sowerberry for 5 shillings. Oliver fights with Noah Claypole, another of the undertakers boys, after Noah mocks Olivers dead mother. Oliver was treated badly by Noah Claypole and Mrs Sowerberry. It says, Mrs Sowerberry plunged into the kitchen, and assisted to hold him with one hand while she scratched his face with the other This emphasis the fact that Mrs Sowerberry is corrupt and unfair, because she didnt show any consideration of what Noah had said about Olivers dead mother. She didnt show any love towards Oliver to calm him down, as he was very hurt. This proves that society was cruel, corrupt and unfair because young innocent children like Oliver were physically abused. They couldnt do anything about it, all they could do was hope that it would stop or theyd runaway. Oliver had to attend funerals with the Sowereberrys, this was part of Olivers job this was a daily routine for him. He was to watch young children get buried; this was unfair, as Oliver is young and therefore shouldnt have to be forced to do these jobs. Corruptness is shown when Oliver was made to sleep amongst other coffins, which is rather disturbing and very cruel. As some of the coffins may have had dead bodies still in the coffins waiting to get buried the next day. This was a very nasty thing to do to anybody especially young, nai ve and gullible children. Oliver wasnt any better off than other boys who became chimney sweeps. Because the boys who became chimney sweeps inhale smoke, this wasnt very good for your health. However, he was better off than other orphans, who became chimney sweeps because this was very dangerous job particularly for young children. People who did not work in the workhouses saw asking for more food as a sin. Oliver says, Please Sir I want some more. This means that Oliver was still hungry but there was no sympathy towards Oliver from the Beadle and Mrs. Mann. To them it showed that he was being ungrateful and ill-mannered. Mr. Bumble and Mrs. Mann are corrupt, because they do not show any love and care for the people in the workhouses. Dickens shows this by the actions Mr. Bumble used to discipline; he locked Oliver in a cupboard for asking for more food and Dick was locked in there too for being greedy for more gruel.

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas essays

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas essays On May 17, 1954 the Supreme Court had made its decision on the Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case. The Supreme Court declared unanimously separate facilities are inherently unequal. If facilities are separate they are essentially not the same. This point is shown in a recent case, which shows similar concern over equal opportunity as that rose in Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The Supreme Court case of United States vs. Virginia illustrated discrimination against women. It started when a young African American student in Topeka, Linda Brown, requested to attend a local all-white school in her neighborhood rather then an all-black school that was further away. The case began in 1951 when Oliver Brown, her father, sued the Topeka, Kansas Board of Education. He was suing to allow his 8-year-old daughter Linda to attend a school that only white children were allowed to attend. After numerous appeals, the case reached the Supreme Court. There a lawyer named Thurgood Marshall argued on behalf of Brown and against segregation in Americas schools. The landmark Plessy vs. Ferguson verdict of 1896 had held that separate but equal public facilities for white and blacks were legal. Schools were public conveniences, and Brown, therefore, was rejected. Afterward the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) became a part of the case and appealed it all the way to the Supreme Court. It was then, on May 17, 1954, the United States Supreme Court had made its most significant ruling. By overturning Plessy vs. Ferguson, the certain Supreme Court declared that in the area of public schooling the doctrine of separate but equal had no place. The case ruled that segregation was unconstitutional because it violated the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court ordered that school integration go forward with all deliberate speed. The case took apart...

Argue whether or not paying students for good grades is the best Essay

Argue whether or not paying students for good grades is the best motivational tool - Essay Example This means that the school and educational system should seek appropriate ways for motivating their students. In some instances, parents and school provide money for good grades. Intrinsic motivation is the best approach of motivation among students since it promotes self-drive and hard work, qualities which are beneficial for the life of a student in the long term. Grades should reflect the intrinsic values of education and learning. This means that education and learning should not be viewed as work that requires payment after the accomplishment of agreed objectives. This does not mean that education is not tied to work. Education is tied to work because it leads to work that rewards on monetary basis (Rosenbaum 4). Though money for grades is a motivational tool, it is not an effective motivational tool because it is not based on the actual capabilities of the student. In addition, the monetary value attached to grades is not relative to the nature of the examination. This is becau se examinations are not standardized and they vary with years or school sessions. Money for grades diminishes the real value of the educational system. In this case, students do not study with the aim of gaining theoretical experiences, but they study with their focus on the examination. The student do not prepare adequately for class work, and in most case, they do not participate in schoolwork (Rosenbaum 7). There only focus in the school environment is to pass the examinations and not to gain the aspects of education that can create an effective platform for their education. Paying student for good grades should be discouraged since it may lead to cheating. In the scenario that parents or other stakeholder resort to give monetary rewards for students in order to encourage good grades, the students will link academic success with financial incentives (Wiseman and Hunt 62). For instance, a parent may give $10 for As, $5 for Bs and $3 for Cs (Rosenbaum 2). In average, students who t hen keep their grades above 90 earn the equivalent of $15 each month (Ivanova 1). This will have a detrimental effect on the students since it will influence the learning process negatively. The students will be preoccupied with attaining the financial incentive. This may lead to frustrations for the students when they do not achieve the required threshold in their academic work. In such instances, the student may resort to shortcuts in order to enhance their academic performance. This urges may encourage cheating in order to achieve good grades. This will impede the learning process rather than encourage the child to acquire new knowledge. This means that children should be encouraged to seek academic success intrinsically as opposed to external motivations like cash rewards (Wiseman and Hunt 62). Students who are intrinsically motivated to study will be able to achieve good grades without cheating. These students will be aware that the skills learned in school are essential for th eir future in the society and career wise. Therefore, if cash incentives are involved, the student’s motivation will be blurred and it will be majored on financial incentives. Offering financial rewards for good performance will have a negative effect on the values of the student. Education has the role to shape the morals and values of an individual. This means that a student should be able to pick positive behaviors and

Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil Rights & Civil Liberties - Essay Example In this case, political rights are lined up with other civil rights and liberty Civil rights in America are enshrined in the Civil Act of 1964. The Act was enacted during the presidency of John Kennedy, who rose to power in the year 1960. A large number of contemporary have a bill of rights or a constitutional document that seeks and enumerate to guarantee civil rights. In the united state of America, several constitutional amendments have been effected to ensure that every person enjoys civil rights to unlimited levels. In addition, additional clauses have been enacted to the 1964 Act to ensure that the government of the day does not undermine them (Baker, Thomas, 2006). During the 2008 run-off for presidential elections, the then senator for Illinois delivered a highly spirited campaign speech that was full of charming promises. Political analysts declared that should the pledges embedded in the speech be actualized, the Americans would experience excellent political and economic atmosphere. In the speech, commonly known as ‘’a more perfect union’’, Obama explained the electorates the steps he would take to reduce the poverty index in the united state of America. To eliminate the gap between the poor and the rich, Obama outlined the tax measures that his government would implement. The policy would exempt the poor from bearing tax burden, and hence more income would be available for their use (Baker, Thomas, 2006). Concerning the war in Iraq, the then-senator advocated for immediate withdraw of American troops. In his speech, he asserted that a long lasting solution would be established through consultative engagements, not through military operation. In addition, Obama promised good working condition for all workers and increased social security for retiree. Furthermore, he promised to improve the economy so as to cut down on unemployment and reformed heath sector. To a large extent, the